Perovskite-Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: Manufacturing Challenges and Industrial Pathway Assessment for Two-Terminal Configurations

Abstract

Two-terminal perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells have demonstrated single-junction-equivalent efficiencies above 33 percent in laboratory devices and represent the most credible near-term route to surpassing the practical efficiency limits of single-junction silicon. The transition from laboratory device to industrial manufacturing line, however, presents distinct challenges including perovskite absorber-layer uniform deposition at large area, encapsulation requirements substantially exceeding silicon-only modules, recombination-junction interface tolerance, and processing-cost economics that must compete with mature single-junction silicon. This article surveys the published industrialization literature, identifies the dominant manufacturing barriers, and assesses the relative readiness of slot-die coating, blade coating, and thermal-evaporation deposition routes for industrial scale.